Fei Changfang reports that soon after their initial arrival in Chang’an, Jñānagupta and Yaśogupta were the actual translators 傳語 for a text on the “five Vedic sciences” (pañcavidyā) entitled Wu ming lun 五明論, which was translated under the leadership of *Jñānabhadra (攘那跋陀羅, 智賢), with Zhixian 智僊 as amanuensis 筆受.