Text: T0411; 大乘大集地藏十輪經

No

[T]  T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014.

• T0411; 大乘大集地藏十輪經

Entry author: Michael Radich

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• Title: 大乘大集地藏十輪經
• People: Xuanzang, 玄奘 (translator 譯)
• Identifier: T0411

No

[Nakamura 1987]  Nakamura, Hajime. Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987. — 217

• T0411; 大乘大集地藏十輪經

Nakamura claims that the 大乘大集地藏十輪經 (Daśacakra-kṣitigarbha-sūtra) T411 was “compiled by Buddhist priests who spoke Iranian languages”.

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Zhiru 2007]  Ng, Zhiru. The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China. Kuroda Institute Studies in East Asian Buddhism 21. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007. — 62 n. 38

• T0411; 大乘大集地藏十輪經

Zhiru reports that Françoise Wang-Toutain has "questioned the attribution" of T411 to Xuanzang [Zhiru's characterisation of Wang-Toutain's position is not very precise --- MR]. "[Wang-Toutain] argues that Xuanzang, with his erudition in Buddhist philosophy, could not have been associated with [T411], which reflects popular Buddhist developments of the period. She proposes that it was more likely that his followers (perhaps someone like Sinbang [神昉]) were behind the new translation, which was subsequently attributed to [Xuanzang]. In further support of his argument, [Wang] points to the connections that Xuanzang's followers must have had with Sanjie jiao..." Zhiru is critical of this "argument", which she holds presupposes a problematic division between doctrinal Buddhism and popular Buddhism. Zhiru cites Wang-Toutain, Le bodhisattva Ksitigarbha en Chine du VIe siècle au XIIIe siècle, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 185): 116-117 [sic! in fact 114-115 --- MR].

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Wang-Toutain 1997]  Wang-Toutain, Françoise. Le bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha en Chine du VIe siècle au XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, 1997. — 114-115

• T0411; 大乘大集地藏十輪經

Zhiru has reported that Wang-Toutain casts doubts upon the ascription of T411 to Xuanzang. In fact, however, all Wang-Toutain says is: (a) The bulk of Xuanzang's translations were of systematic and philosophical texts (she does not draw any direct inferences from this fact about the ascription of T411); (b) It is possible that Xuanzang had contact with some adherents of the Three Stages movement, for whom T411 (and T410) was important; (c) It is likely (Wang-Toutain argues) that Xuanzang merely oversaw some translations, and that the choice of some texts to be translated was made by his disciples. None of this implies that the text was not a product of the Xuanzang workshop; nowhere does Wang-Toutain suggest any alternative scenario for the translation of the text; and her remarks about the possible dynamics behind the selection and translation of the text are quite speculative.

"La plupart de ces textes étaient d'ordre philosophique et représentaient des systèmes de pensée hautement élaborés et d'une extrême technicité. Il se peut que Xuanzang ait eu des contacts avec des moines de l'École des Trois Degrés. On sait que durant l'ère wude (618-627), il alla à Xiangzhou, la patrie de Xinxing, où résidaient de nombreux disciples de ce dernier. Xuanzang les rencontra peut-être. Mais je pense qu'il vaut mieux prendre en compte le fait que certains de ses disciples avaient des rapports étroits avec l'École des Trois Degrés. Beaucoup de traductions attribuées à Xuanzang ne furent probablement que supervisées par lu i, et le choix des textes à traduire était parfois le fait des collaborateurs."

The association between Xuanzang's group and Sanjie adherents is strengthened by the fact that, as Wang-Toutain goes on to show, Sinbang 神昉, who was a member of Xuanzang's team, had possible Sanjie leanings. Sinbang was bishou 筆受 for the translation of T411 (among other texts that he is named as a collaborator for), and authored the preface still transmitted with the text in T. He is reported to have written a commentary on the text. He is reported to have engaged in Sanjie-like practices, and fragments of his writings have been analysed by Yabuki as evincing Sanjie vocabulary.

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[T411 Preface]  Fang/Bang 昉. "Dasheng daji dizang shilun jing xu" 大乘大集地藏十輪經序. — T411 (XIII) 777a17-c3

• T0411; 大乘大集地藏十輪經

The ascription of the translation of the *Kṣitigarbha-sūtra 大乘大集地藏十輪經 T411 to Xuanzang is strongly supported by this preface. According to an internal self-reference by the author, the preface is by one Fang/Bang 昉, most likely to be identified with Sinbang 神昉, a monk reportedly of Korean origin. Various pieces of evidence demonstrate that Sinbang worked in Xuanzang's translation team: he is recorded as a bishou for T411 itself, and also, for example, for texts like the *Mahāvibhāṣā T1545, and the Benshi jing 本事經 T765; T1545 (XXVII) 5a9, T2154 (LV) 557a3-4. Sinbang is also reported by the tradition to have authored a commentary on T411. The preface would have to be shown to be a forgery, or the association with Sinbang false, or the content historically inaccurate, before we could discount its testimony. The preface reports the circumstances of translation rather precisely, including dates of translation in 651 CE 粵以永徽二年歲次辛亥正月乙未，盡其年十二月甲寅翻譯始畢.

Note: An excerpt from the preface is translated in Wang-Toutain (1997): 115-116, and again in Zhiru (2007): 62.

Entry author: Michael Radich

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• People: Xuanzang, 玄奘 (translator 譯)
• Date: 651