| Identifier | T0362 [T] |
| Title | 佛說阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 [T] |
| Date | [None] |
| Unspecified | Zhi Qian 支謙 [Kamata 1982] |
| Revised | Zhi Qian 支謙 [Fang and Lu 2023] |
| Translator 譯 | *Lokakṣema, 支婁迦讖 [Nattier 2008] |
There may be translations for this text listed in the Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages. If translations are listed, this link will take you directly to them. However, if no translations are listed, the link will lead only to the head of the page.
There are resources for the study of this text in the SAT Daizōkyō Text Dabatase (Saṃgaṇikīkṛtaṃ Taiśotripiṭakaṃ).
| Preferred? | Source | Pertains to | Argument | Details |
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[T] T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014. |
Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Nattier 2008] Nattier, Jan. A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han 東漢 and Three Kingdoms 三國 Periods. Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica X. Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, 2008. — 86-87 |
Nattier reports on work by Harrison, arguing that T362 is actually by Lokakṣema. Relevant works: Harrison, Paul. "Women in the Pure Land: Some Reflections on the Textual Sources." Journal of Indian Philosophy 26 (1998): 556-557 and n. 16-18. Harrison, Paul, Jens-Uwe Hartmann and Kazunobu Matsuda. "Larger Sukhāvatīvyūha." In Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection. III. Buddhist Manuscripts, vol. 2, edited by Jens Braarvig, 179-214. Oslo: Hermes Publishing, 2002. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Zürcher 1959/2007] Zürcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Third Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1959 (2007 reprint). — 50, 336 n. 137 |
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According to Zürcher, Sengyou attributed thirty-six texts to Zhi Qian 支謙, of which twenty-three have survived: T54, T68, T76, T87, T169, T185, T198, T225, T281, T362, T474, T493, T532, T533, T556, T557, T559, T581, T632, T708, T735, T790, T1011. However, Zürcher notes that T68 “is not mentioned by Dao’an.” This entry includes all twenty-three texts accepted by Zürcher as genuine Zhi Qian translations. Entry author: Sophie Florence |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 104-105 |
In a brief note, Sakaino states that although the ascription of the 阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 T362 (which he refers to as the 大阿彌陀經) to Zhi Qian is generally believed by scholars, it is in fact the work of *Lokakṣema, and should be added to the list of his genuine translations. He does not discuss here his reasons for this reascription. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Kamata 1982] Kamata Shigeo 鎌田茂雄. Chūgoku bukkyō shi, dai ikkan: Shodenki no bukkyō 中国仏教史 第一巻 初伝期末の仏教. Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1982. — 214-215 |
Kamata states that the ascription to Zhi Qian of the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra 阿彌陀經, i.e. the 阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 T362, is a matter of debate. Although traditional catalogues have ascribed it to Zhi Qian since Dao’an, its vocabulary and style are not typical of Zhi Qian’s work. According to Kamata, some modern scholar(s) suspect that T362 is actually *Lokakṣema’s work, as it uses transliterations and the overall vocabulary has similarities to that of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramita 道行般若經 T224 ascribed to *Lokakṣema. However, Kamata maintains that it is reasonable 穏当 to follow Dao’an and keep the ascription of T362 to Zhi Qian, as it is not appropriate to reascribe the text solely on the basis of similarity of vocabulary. Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 182-183, 243 |
Sakaino states that in all, twelve putative translations of the Sukhāvatīvyūha are reported, of which five are extant, and seven lost (Sakaino adds that those allegedly lost seven translations were included just in LDSBJ and other unreliable catalogues, and in fact never existed). Of these, two of the extant versions are relatively new, and their ascriptions are not problematic. Ascriptions of all of the other three extant scriptures should be corrected: the 平等覺經 T361 ascribed to *Lokakṣema should be re-ascribed to Dharmarakṣa ; the 大阿彌陀經 T362 ascribed to Zhi Qian should be re-ascribed to *Lokakṣema; and the 無量壽經 T360 ascribed to Kang Sengkai 康僧鎧 should be re-ascribed to *Buddhabhadra = Juexian 覺賢. Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Yinshun 1984] Yinshun 印順. Chuqi dasheng Fojiao zhi qiyuan yu fazhan 初期大乘佛教之起源與開展. Yinshun fashi Foxue zhuzuoji 印順法師佛學著作集 37. Taipei: Zhengwen chubanshe, 1984. — 762 |
Yinshun argues for a reversal of attributions for T361 and T362, so that T362 would be ascribed to *Lokakṣema, and T361 to Zhi Qian. He writes: "我以為，如否定古代一致的傳說，以《阿彌陀（三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道）經》為支婁迦讖譯，《無量清淨平等覺經》為支謙譯；支謙是傳承支讖所學的，譯文少用音譯，也許是最合理的推定！" Entry author: Matt Orsborn |
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[Fang and Lu 2023] Fang Yixin 方一新 and Lu Lu 盧鹭. “Jin shiyu nian cong yuyan jiaodu kaobian keyi Fojing chengguo de huigu yu zhanwang” 近十余年從語言角度考辨可疑佛經成果的回顧與展望.” Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Online Edition), Jan. 2023: 1–24. — 9 |
In a survey article of scholarship on questions of attribution in the Chinese canon published in the last decade, Fang and Lu state that Karashima argues that only 我 is used as the personal pronoun in the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra 阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 T362, which is consistent with translations reliably ascribed to *Lokakṣema. They refer to Karashima Seishi 辛島靜志. “Zaoqi Hanyi Fodian de yuyan yanjiu—yi Zhiloujiachen ji Zhi Qian de yijing duibi wei zhongxin” 早期漢譯佛典的語言研究——以支婁迦讖及支謙的譯經對比為中心. In Hanyu shi xuebao 漢語史學, edited by Zhejiang daxue Hanyu shi yanjiu zhongxin 浙江大學漢語史研究中心, 225–237. Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe, 2010. Entry author: Mengji Huang |
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[Fang and Lu 2023] Fang Yixin 方一新 and Lu Lu 盧鹭. “Jin shiyu nian cong yuyan jiaodu kaobian keyi Fojing chengguo de huigu yu zhanwang” 近十余年從語言角度考辨可疑佛經成果的回顧與展望.” Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Online Edition), Jan. 2023: 1–24. — 9 |
In a survey article of scholarship on questions of attribution in the Chinese canon published in the last decade, Fang and Lu state that Okayama argues that the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra 阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 T362 is most probably a translation by Zhi Qian, or a Zhi Qian revision of a translation originally by Lokakẹma. They refer to Okayama Hajime 丘山新. “Dai amida kyō yakusha ni kan suru ichi kasetsu” 『大阿彌陀経』訳者に関する一仮説. IBK 28, no. 2 (1980): 735. Okayama Hajime 丘山新. “Amida kado jindō kyō: kyōdai to sono shisō” 『阿彌陀過度人道経』：経題とその思想. IBK 35, no. 1 (1986): 68–71. Entry author: Mengji Huang |
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[Fang and Lu 2023] Fang Yixin 方一新 and Lu Lu 盧鹭. “Jin shiyu nian cong yuyan jiaodu kaobian keyi Fojing chengguo de huigu yu zhanwang” 近十余年從語言角度考辨可疑佛經成果的回顧與展望.” Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Online Edition), Jan. 2023: 1–24. — 9 |
In a survey article of scholarship on questions of attribution in the Chinese canon published in the last decade, Fang and Lu state that Fujita argues that the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra 阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 T362 should be a Zhi Qian translation, or an original translation by Lokakẹma, later revised by Zhi Qian. They refer to Fujita Kōtatsu 藤田宏達. Jōdo san bu kyō no kenkyū 浄土三部経の研究. Kyoto: Iwanami shoten, 2007: 39–46. Entry author: Mengji Huang |
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[Fang and Lu 2023] Fang Yixin 方一新 and Lu Lu 盧鹭. “Jin shiyu nian cong yuyan jiaodu kaobian keyi Fojing chengguo de huigu yu zhanwang” 近十余年從語言角度考辨可疑佛經成果的回顧與展望.” Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences Online Edition), Jan. 2023: 1–24. — 9 |
In a survey article of scholarship on questions of attribution in the Chinese canon published in the last decade, Fang and Lu state that Li Zhouyuan argues that it is impossible to ascertain the translators of the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra 無量清淨平等覺經 T361 and the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra 阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經 T362. They refer to Li Zhouyuan 李周淵. “Sanguo Zhi Qian yijing yanjiu” 三國支謙譯經研究. PhD diss., Fagu wenli xueyuan 法鼓文理學院, 2020: 79–82. Entry author: Mengji Huang |
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