| Identifier | T0035 [T] |
| Title | 海八德經 [T] |
| Date | 後漢 [Hayashiya 1941] |
| Unspecified | Anonymous (China), 失譯, 闕譯, 未詳撰者, 未詳作者, 不載譯人 [Hayashiya 1945] |
| Translator 譯 | Anonymous (China), 失譯, 闕譯, 未詳撰者, 未詳作者, 不載譯人 [Hayashiya 1941] |
There may be translations for this text listed in the Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages. If translations are listed, this link will take you directly to them. However, if no translations are listed, the link will lead only to the head of the page.
There are resources for the study of this text in the SAT Daizōkyō Text Dabatase (Saṃgaṇikīkṛtaṃ Taiśotripiṭakaṃ).
| Preferred? | Source | Pertains to | Argument | Details |
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[T] T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014. |
Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Hayashiya 1941] Hayashiya Tomojirō 林屋友次郎. Kyōroku kenkyū 経録研究. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1941. — 1113-1114 |
Hayashiya's summary of the content of the catalogues on this and related titles is as follows: Sengyou's recompilation of Dao'an's catalogue of alternate translations of scriptures from the Guanzhong region 新集安公關中異經錄: Hayashiya presents his conclusion about the identity of Ba de jing in Dao'an's Guanzhong catalogue as follows. This title refers to the same text as the Hai ba de jing 海八徳經 in Sengyou’s catalogue of assorted anonymous scriptures 失譯雜經錄. It is extant as the Hai ba de jing 海八徳經 T35 ascribed to Kumārajīva 羅什. However, Hayashiya claims that this text is an anonymous scripture of the Latter Han 後漢 period. Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Ono and Maruyama 1933-1936] Ono Genmyō 小野玄妙, Maruyama Takao 丸山孝雄, eds. Bussho kaisetsu daijiten 佛書解說大辭典. Tokyo: Daitō shuppan, 1933-1936 [縮刷版 1999]. — s.v., Vol.2, 35 (Akanuma Chizen 赤沼智善) |
Akanuma Chizen 赤沼智善 maintains that the Hai ba de jing 海八德經 T35 was translated by Zhu Falan 竺法蘭, not by Kumārajīva 羅什. Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Demiéville 1953] Demiéville, Paul. “Les sources chinoises.” In L’Inde classique: Manuel des études indiennes, Tome II, by Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat, 398-463. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale/Hanoi: École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1953. — 415-416 |
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Demiéville lists and discusses texts ascribed to Kumārajīva by Sengyou, namely T201 T223 T227 T235 T245(!) T262 T366 T456 T475 T613 T614 T616 T617 T1435 T1509 T1564 T1568 T1569 T1646. This implies that the ascription of all other texts ascribed to Kumārajīva in the Taishō is less secure than those ascriptions, on at least this count. This entry lists all such texts (all "Kumārajīva" texts EXCEPT those listed by Demiéville/Sengyou). [NOTE: Demiéville's list is to be used with caution. For example, as Lin Xueni points out (personal communication), he omits the Kuśalamūlasaṃparigraha 華首經 T657, even though it is in fact listed by Sengyou, CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 10c21. I have therefore corrected, and do NOT include T657 in this list of possibly dubious ascriptions.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[T] T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014. — T35 (I) 819c13-15 |
A note appended to the end of T35 in the Taisho, which according to the apparatus was carried in the Korean only (missing in Song, Yuan, Ming) states that the text "is certainly not Kumārajīva’s translation", and suggests that it is probably instead by Zhu Falan 竺法蘭. 按此經文，決非羅什之譯，似是後漢之經。疑此是彼竺法蘭譯，為失本者，藏中錯為羅什譯耳. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Kanakura 1972] Kanakura Enshō 金倉円照. “Hoke kyō ni okeru Hōgo to Rajū no yakugo 法華経における法護と羅什の訳語.” In Hoke kyō no Chūgokuteki tenkai 法華経の中国的展開, edited by Sakamoto Yukio 坂本幸男, 445-470. Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten, 1972. — 459-461 |
Kanakura mentions that T35 has a note appended (in the Korean version of the canon only, according to the apparatus in the Taishō) which says it is by Zhu Falan, and not Kumārajīva. Akanuma also supported this reascription. The basis for the ascription to Zhu Falan is LDSBJ, and is therefore probably unreliable. The text appears in CSZJJ, but as an anonymous text. It is missing from Fajing, Yancong, and Jingtai. The text circulated under two titles, which the catalogues treated as two separate texts. The ascription to Kumārajīva dates from Zhisheng's KYL, and Zhisheng cites as his basis the catalogue of Fashang 法上. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[CSZJJ] Sengyou 僧祐. Chu sanzang ji ji (CSZJJ) 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 28c5 |
In Sengyou's Chu sanzang ji ji, T35 is regarded as an anonymous translation, that is to say, it is listed in the "Newly Compiled Continuation of the Assorted List of Anonymous Translations" 新集續撰失譯雜經錄 (juan 4): 海八德經一卷. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Fajing 594] Fajing 法經. Zhongjing mulu 眾經目錄 T2146. — T2146 (LV) 129c20 |
Treated by Fajing as an “alternate translation of a separate chapter from the Madhyamāgama” 中阿含別品異譯, without an ascription (though this title appears in a list that includes some ascriptions in interlinear notes). Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Fei 597] Fei Changfang 費長房. Lidai sanbao ji (LDSBJ) 歷代三寶紀 T2034. — T2034 (XLIX) 55a26 |
In LDSBJ, T35 is listed among anonymous texts of the Han. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Hayashiya 1945] Hayashiya Tomojirō 林屋友次郎, Iyaku kyōrui no kenkyū‚ 異譯經類の研究, Tokyo: Tōyō bunko, 1945. — 65-82 |
According to Hayashiya, among the titles he refers to as the group of Hai ba de jing 海八徳經 texts, only five ever existed, four of which are included in the Taishō. Those four titles are: the Heng shui jing 恒水經 T33, attributed to Faju 法炬 (The fifth one in the group, the Hai you ba de jing 海有八事經 listed by Dao’an, has been lost since the 梁 period.) Hayashiya argues that all of the attributions given to the four extant texts are incorrect, and that the texts should be reclassified as anonymous scriptures. The gist of Hayashiya’s analysis of T35, attributed to Kumārajīva, can be shown as follows: Hayashiya maintains that the tone and vocabulary of T35 are probably that of the Latter Han 後漢 period (73). He also points out that the ascription of the text to Kumārajīva was first given to KYL without any grounds, and hence should be rejected (78-79). He adds that T35 is most likely the Ba de jing 八徳經 listed in Dao’an’s catalogue of alternate translations from the Guanzhong region 安公闗中異經録 (and mistakenly regarded as lost by Sengyou), because T35 has a distinct tone, different from the other alternate translations of the Zhanpo jing 瞻波經 of the Madhyama-āgama, which would be nicely explained if the text circulated in the Guanzhong 闗中 area (73). Hayashiya also points out that T35 is the Hai ba de jing listed by Sengyou as an extant anonymous scripture. This is because, among the only three alternate translations of the Zhanpo jing 瞻波經 of the Madhyama-āgama that ever existed (despite a good number of overlapping entries made in CSZJJ and other catalogues), only T35 and the Fa hai jing 法海經 T34 have content suiting the title Hai ba de jing 海八徳經, but T34 cannot be the text in question, since it must be the Fa hai jing 法海經 listed in the catalogues (73). Thus, Hayashiya asserts that T35 should be reclassified as an anonymous scripture of the Latter Han 後漢 period. Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 357-358 |
Sakaino presents a list of the ten titles that KYL newly ascribed to Kumārajīva [p. 357, four of them are marked as extant: 海八德經 T35, 千佛因縁經 T426, 清淨毘尼方廣經 T1489, and 婆藪槃頭傳, cf. T2049, ascribed to Paramārtha in T). For seven of these texts, Zhisheng refers to the Fashang catalogue 法上錄. Sakaino points out that probably Fei Changfang did not directly see the Fashang catalogue, since he refers to it very rarely, and did not list it in any of his records of catalogues. Moreover, no details are known about this catalogue. This being the case, Zhisheng’s references to the Fashang catalogue do not appear very reliable. Thus, Sakaino maintains that it is difficult even to judge the reliability of these ascriptions. However, he suggests that other titles in the list, namely, the Shelifu hui guo jing 舎利弗悔過經 and the Qian Fo yinyuan jing 千佛因縁經, might be based upon confusion over entries pertaining to other texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa. The Sarvapuṇyasamuccaya 集一切福德經 is recorded in the list as the same text 同本 as the 等衆德經 ascribed to Dharmarakṣa, which is also dubious, since the Zhenji si catalogue 眞寂寺錄 is cited as the source (cf. p. 185). Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[CSZJJ] Sengyou 僧祐. Chu sanzang ji ji (CSZJJ) 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 10c16-11a27 |
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In his own list of works of Kumārajīva in CSZJJ, Sengyou lists 35 works. The full list is given below, with identifications with texts extant in T (some identifications tentative). By contrast, the present T ascribes over 50 translation works to Kumārajīva (we do not count here T1775 or T1856). The ascription of the following works ascribed to Kumārajīva in T is not supported by Sengyou's list: T35, T123, T201, T245, T250, T307, T310(26), T335, T426, T484, T614, T617, T625, T703, T988, T1484, T1489, T1659, T2046, T2047, T2048. 新大品經二十四卷(偽秦姚興弘始五年四月二十二[三M]日於逍遙園譯出至六年四月二十三日訖), T223 Entry author: Michael Radich |
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