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Kawano says that the postface to the Ugraparipṛcchā 法鏡經 T322 ascribed An Xuan and Yan Fotiao (the 法鏡經後序) indicates that a person working after the time of Kang Senghui revised the text. He is critical of Okabe Kazuo 岡部和雄 , “Yakukyō shi kenkyū josetsu: Jiku Hōgo no yakukyō ni tsuite 訳経史研究序説 竺法護の訳経について,” Sōtō shū kenkyūin kenkyūsei kenkyū kiyō 曹洞宗研究員研究生研究紀要 2 (1970), who compares T322 with Dharmarakṣa’s 郁迦羅越問菩薩行經 T323 in an attempt to analyse the different style and terminology of the two translations, for overlooking the possibility that T322 may therefore not contain pure Han-period terminology and style.
[Note: The portion of the postface that indicates the writer was working after Kang Senghui seems to be the following: 康氏穀德，博達心聰，為作註解，敷演義方，辭語雅美，粲然煥炳，遺誨後進，以開童蒙... MR]
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68-69, 72 n. 26, referring to T322 (XII) 22c2-23a7. |
Kawano says that the postface to the Ugrapariprccha 法鏡經 T322 ascribed An Xuan and Yan Fotiao (the 法鏡經後序) indicates that a person working after the time of Kang Senghui revised the text. He is critical of Okabe Kazuo 岡部和雄 , “Yakukyo shi kenkyu josetsu: Jiku Hogo no yakukyo ni tsuite 訳経史研究序説 竺法護の訳経について,” Soto shu kenkyuin kenkyusei kenkyu kiyo 曹洞宗研究員研究生研究紀要 2 (1970), who compares T322 with Dharmaraksa’s 郁迦羅越問菩薩行經 T323 in an attempt to analyse the different style and terminology of the two translations, for overlooking the possibility that T322 may therefore not contain pure Han-period terminology and style.
[Note: The portion of the postface that indicates the writer was working after Kang Senghui seems to be the following: 康氏穀德,博達心聰,為作註解,敷演義方,辭語雅美,粲然煥炳,遺誨後進,以開童蒙... MR] T0322; Fa jing jing; 法鏡經 |
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Kawano notes that in the list of works ascribed to Dharmarakṣa at CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c11, a considerable number of works (Kawano counts 31 [I count 38 --- MR] are given precise dates only in the versions of the text in the Song-Yuan-Ming line, that is to say, the same dates are missing in the Korean version of CSZJJ. This note lists all those texts. The Song version of the CSZJJ notes on these texts, as reconstructed according to the Taishō apparatus, reads as follows (the date in parentheses preceding each text is Kawano's calculation of the Gregorian equivalent for the reign date given in the note):
(267) 比丘尼誡經一卷（太始三年九月十日出）
(267) 三品悔過經一卷（太始三年九月二十一日出）
(271) 文殊師利五體悔過經一卷(舊錄云文殊師利悔過經泰始七年正月二十七日出） T459
(271) 持人菩薩經三卷（泰始七年九月十五日出） T481
(273) 鴈王經一卷（太始九年二月一日出）
(290) 法沒盡經一卷(或云空寂菩薩所問經太熈元年二月七日出) cf. T2029?
(290) 給孤獨明德經一卷(舊錄云給孤獨氏經太熈元年末出)
(291) 馬王經一卷（永平元年中出）
(291) 普義經一卷（永平中出）
(291) 鹿母經一卷（元康初出） T182a/b
(297) 觀行不移四事經一卷(元康中出)
(297) 四婦喻經一卷（元康中出）
(302) 樓炭經五卷(安公云出方等太安元年正月二十三日出部)
(302) 菩薩十住經一卷（太安元年十月三日出） T283
(303) 五百弟子本起經一卷(舊錄云五百弟子自說本末經太安二年五月一日出或云佛五百弟子自說本起經) T199
(303) 胞胎經一卷(舊錄云胞胎受身經太安二年八月一日出）T317
(303) 佛為菩薩五夢經一卷(舊錄云佛五夢太安二年五月六日出或云太子五夢) T310(4)?
(303) 彌勒本願經一卷(或云彌勒菩薩所問本願]經太安二年五月十七日出) T349
(303) 順權方便經二卷(一本云惟權方便經舊錄云順權女經一名轉女身菩薩經太安二年四月九日出） T565
(303) 如幻三昧經二卷(舊錄云三卷太安二年五月十一日出) T342
(303) 舍利弗悔過經一卷（太安二年五月二十日出）not in T
(303) 十地經一卷(或云菩薩十地經太安二年十二月四日出)
(304) 所欲致患經一卷（太安三年二月七日出）T737
(304) 摩調王經一卷(出六度集太安三年正月十八日出)
(304) 照明三昧經一卷（太安三年二月一日出）
(304) 賈客經二卷（建武元年三月二日出）
(304) 嚴淨定經一卷(一名序世經元熈元年二月十八日出)
(304) 更出阿闍世王經二卷（建武元年四月十六日出）
(305) 人所從來經一卷（永興二年正月二十五日出）
(305) 十等藏經一卷（永興二年正月二十八日出）
(305) 鴈王五百鴈俱經一卷（永興二年二月二日出）
(305) 誡具經一卷（永興二年二月七日出）
(305) 決道俗經一卷（永興二年二月十一日出）
(305) 猛施經一卷(舊錄云猛施道地經永興二年二月二十日出)
(305) 城喻經一卷（永興二年三月一日出）
(306) 譬喻三百首經二十五卷（永興三年二月七日出）
(307) 無極寶經一卷(別錄所載先闕安錄或云無極寶三昧經永嘉元年三月五日) T636
(307) 阿差末經四卷(或云阿差末菩薩經別錄所載安錄先闕永嘉元年十二月一日出) T403
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73-92, esp. Table 2, 75-77 |
Kawano notes that in the list of works ascribed to Dharmaraksa at CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c11, a considerable number of works (Kawano counts 31 [I count 38 --- MR] are given precise dates only in the versions of the text in the Song-Yuan-Ming line, that is to say, the same dates are missing in the Korean version of CSZJJ. This note lists all those texts. The Song version of the CSZJJ notes on these texts, as reconstructed according to the Taisho apparatus, reads as follows (the date in parentheses preceding each text is Kawano's calculation of the Gregorian equivalent for the reign date given in the note):
(267) 比丘尼誡經一卷(太始三年九月十日出)
(267) 三品悔過經一卷(太始三年九月二十一日出)
(271) 文殊師利五體悔過經一卷(舊錄云文殊師利悔過經泰始七年正月二十七日出) T459
(271) 持人菩薩經三卷(泰始七年九月十五日出) T481
(273) 鴈王經一卷(太始九年二月一日出)
(290) 法沒盡經一卷(或云空寂菩薩所問經太熈元年二月七日出) cf. T2029?
(290) 給孤獨明德經一卷(舊錄云給孤獨氏經太熈元年末出)
(291) 馬王經一卷(永平元年中出)
(291) 普義經一卷(永平中出)
(291) 鹿母經一卷(元康初出) T182a/b
(297) 觀行不移四事經一卷(元康中出)
(297) 四婦喻經一卷(元康中出)
(302) 樓炭經五卷(安公云出方等太安元年正月二十三日出部)
(302) 菩薩十住經一卷(太安元年十月三日出) T283
(303) 五百弟子本起經一卷(舊錄云五百弟子自說本末經太安二年五月一日出或云佛五百弟子自說本起經) T199
(303) 胞胎經一卷(舊錄云胞胎受身經太安二年八月一日出)T317
(303) 佛為菩薩五夢經一卷(舊錄云佛五夢太安二年五月六日出或云太子五夢) T310(4)?
(303) 彌勒本願經一卷(或云彌勒菩薩所問本願]經太安二年五月十七日出) T349
(303) 順權方便經二卷(一本云惟權方便經舊錄云順權女經一名轉女身菩薩經太安二年四月九日出) T565
(303) 如幻三昧經二卷(舊錄云三卷太安二年五月十一日出) T342
(303) 舍利弗悔過經一卷(太安二年五月二十日出)not in T
(303) 十地經一卷(或云菩薩十地經太安二年十二月四日出)
(304) 所欲致患經一卷(太安三年二月七日出)T737
(304) 摩調王經一卷(出六度集太安三年正月十八日出)
(304) 照明三昧經一卷(太安三年二月一日出)
(304) 賈客經二卷(建武元年三月二日出)
(304) 嚴淨定經一卷(一名序世經元熈元年二月十八日出)
(304) 更出阿闍世王經二卷(建武元年四月十六日出)
(305) 人所從來經一卷(永興二年正月二十五日出)
(305) 十等藏經一卷(永興二年正月二十八日出)
(305) 鴈王五百鴈俱經一卷(永興二年二月二日出)
(305) 誡具經一卷(永興二年二月七日出)
(305) 決道俗經一卷(永興二年二月十一日出)
(305) 猛施經一卷(舊錄云猛施道地經永興二年二月二十日出)
(305) 城喻經一卷(永興二年三月一日出)
(306) 譬喻三百首經二十五卷(永興三年二月七日出)
(307) 無極寶經一卷(別錄所載先闕安錄或云無極寶三昧經永嘉元年三月五日) T636
(307) 阿差末經四卷(或云阿差末菩薩經別錄所載安錄先闕永嘉元年十二月一日出) T403 Dharmaraksa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 *Dasabhumika-sutra; Pusa shizhu jing 菩薩十住經 Biqiuni jie jing 比丘尼誡經 Cheng yu jing 城喻經 Guan xing bu yi si shi jing 觀行不移四事經 Guke jing 賈客經 Jie ju jing 誡具經 Jue dao su jing 決道俗經 Kongji pusa suowen jing 空寂菩薩所問經; Fa mojin jing 法沒盡經 Loutan jing 樓炭經 Ma wang jing 馬王經 Meng shi jing 猛施經 ; 猛施道地經 Motiao wang jing 摩調王經 Pu yi jing 普義經 Ren suoconglai jing 人所從來經 San pin hui guo jing 三品悔過經 Shelifu hui guo jing 舍利弗悔過經 Shi deng zang jing 十等藏經 Shi di jing 十地經; Pusa shi di jing 菩薩十地經 Si fu yu jing 四婦喻經 T0182; 鹿母經 T0199; 佛五百弟子自說本起經; 五百弟子自說本末經 T0283; 菩薩十住行道品 T0317; 佛說胞胎經; 胞胎受身經 T0342; 佛說如幻三昧經 T0349; 彌勒菩薩所問本願經 T0403; 阿差末菩薩經 T0459; 佛說文殊悔過經; 文殊師利悔過 T0481; 持人菩薩經 T0565; 順權女經; 順權方便經 T0627; 普超三昧經; 文殊支利普超三昧經; 文殊師利普超三昧經 T0636; 無極寶三昧經 T0737; 所欲致患經 T310(4); Jingju taizi hui 淨居天子會; Svapna-nirdesa Yan jing ding jing 嚴淨定經 Yan wang jing 鴈王經 Yan wang wubai yan ju jing 鴈王五百鴈俱經 Zhaoming sanmei jing 照明三昧經 給孤獨氏經; Jigudu ming de jing 給孤獨明德經 |
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Kawano points out that in CSZJJ, dates of translation are given for T99 and T189, ascribed to Guṇabhadra, corpus in the Song(-Yuan-Ming) line of transmission only (as witnessed by the Taishō apparatus), but not in the Korean, which forms the base edition for the Taishō. This pattern is similar to that observed, but on a much larger scale, for works ascribed to Dharmarakṣa; and for eight works ascribed to *Dharmakṣema .
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83, 91 n. 17, referring to CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 12c19-13a8 |
Kawano points out that in CSZJJ, dates of translation are given for T99 and T189, ascribed to Gunabhadra, corpus in the Song(-Yuan-Ming) line of transmission only (as witnessed by the Taisho apparatus), but not in the Korean, which forms the base edition for the Taisho. This pattern is similar to that observed, but on a much larger scale, for works ascribed to Dharmaraksa; and for eight works ascribed to *Dharmaksema . T0099; 雜阿含經 T0189; 過去現在因果經 |
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87 |
Dharmaraksa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 Xiao pin jing 小品經 |
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87 |
Dharmaraksa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 Yong fu ding jing 勇伏定經 [Suramgamasamadhi-sutra] |
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Kawano points out that in CSZJJ, dates of translation are given for eight texts in the *Dharmakṣema corpus in the Song(-Yuan-Ming) line of transmission only (as witnessed by the Taishō apparatus), but not in the Korean, which forms the base edition for the Taishō. The extant texts in question are T157, T397(1-13, i.e. portions ascribed to Dharmakṣema only), T387, T663, T1488 and T1581; in addition, two lost texts are also listed, namely, the 海龍王經 and the 菩薩戒優婆戒壇文. This pattern is similar to that observed, but on a much larger scale, for works ascribed to Dharmarakṣa; and for two works ascribed to Guṇabhadra.
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83, 90-91 n. 16, referring to CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 11b11-26 |
Kawano points out that in CSZJJ, dates of translation are given for eight texts in the *Dharmaksema corpus in the Song(-Yuan-Ming) line of transmission only (as witnessed by the Taisho apparatus), but not in the Korean, which forms the base edition for the Taisho. The extant texts in question are T157, T397(1-13, i.e. portions ascribed to Dharmaksema only), T387, T663, T1488 and T1581; in addition, two lost texts are also listed, namely, the 海龍王經 and the 菩薩戒優婆戒壇文. This pattern is similar to that observed, but on a much larger scale, for works ascribed to Dharmaraksa; and for two works ascribed to Gunabhadra. Hailong wang jing 海龍王經 Pusa jie youpo jie tan wen 菩薩戒優婆戒壇文 T0157; 悲華經 T0387; 大方等無想經 T0397; 大方等大集經 T0663; 金光明經 T1488; 優婆塞戒經 T1581; 菩薩地持經; Pusa jie jing 菩薩戒經 |
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87 |
Dharmaraksa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 阿耨達龍王經; Anouda jing 阿耨達經 |
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On the basis of a complex examination of the evidence in the catalogues from CSZJJ to KYL (73-92), Kawano arrives at this corpus of 41 texts, which he thinks can most safely be ascribed to Dharmarakṣa and dated, in order to construct a basis for examining Dharmarakṣa's corpus for the development of translation idiom over the course of his career. This note lists that corpus. Kawano arrives at this corpus on the basis of the following criteria: (1) He accepts texts which were probably dated in the original CSZJJ, as represented by the Koryŏ (Kawano shows that the version of CSZJJ received via the Song[-Yuan-Ming] line of transmission includes a large set of problematic additional dates); (2) He accepts texts first dated in Fajing, as long as the date was accepted by Zhisheng in KYL; (3) He rejects texts for which a translation date first appears in LDSBJ; (4) He adds one further text (T810) that can be dated on the basis of a (very early manuscript) colophon.
[Note: This list includes four (or five?) lost texts, and a couple of texts ascribed to other translators in the received canon. The number of lost texts is uncertain, because the list includes a 無量壽經, which some modern scholars would be inclined to identify with T360 ascribed to Kang Sengkai 康僧鎧---MR.]
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Table 6, p. 87 |
On the basis of a complex examination of the evidence in the catalogues from CSZJJ to KYL (73-92), Kawano arrives at this corpus of 41 texts, which he thinks can most safely be ascribed to Dharmaraksa and dated, in order to construct a basis for examining Dharmaraksa's corpus for the development of translation idiom over the course of his career. This note lists that corpus. Kawano arrives at this corpus on the basis of the following criteria: (1) He accepts texts which were probably dated in the original CSZJJ, as represented by the Koryo (Kawano shows that the version of CSZJJ received via the Song[-Yuan-Ming] line of transmission includes a large set of problematic additional dates); (2) He accepts texts first dated in Fajing, as long as the date was accepted by Zhisheng in KYL; (3) He rejects texts for which a translation date first appears in LDSBJ; (4) He adds one further text (T810) that can be dated on the basis of a (very early manuscript) colophon.
[Note: This list includes four (or five?) lost texts, and a couple of texts ascribed to other translators in the received canon. The number of lost texts is uncertain, because the list includes a 無量壽經, which some modern scholars would be inclined to identify with T360 ascribed to Kang Sengkai 康僧鎧---MR.] Dharmaraksa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 T0103; 佛說聖法印經 T0170; 德光太子經 T0186; 普曜大方等典; *Vaitulya-nidana; Fangdeng yuanqi 方等本起; *Lalitavistara-mahavaitulya-dharmaparyaya; 普曜經 T0222; “Larger Prajnaparamita”; 光讚經 T0263; 正法華方等; 正法華方等經典; 法華方等正經; 正法華經方等典詔; 正法華經 T0266; 佛說阿惟越致遮經; *Avaivartikacakra-vaitulya-dharmaparyaya T0285; 漸備一切智德經 T0291; 佛說如來興顯經 T0292; 度世品經 T0315; 佛說普門品經 T0317; 佛說胞胎經; 胞胎受身經 T0318; 文殊師利佛土嚴淨經; 嚴淨佛土經 T0338; 佛說離垢施女經 T0345; 慧上菩薩問大善權經 T0360; 佛說無量壽經; Sukhavativyuha-sutra T0378; 佛說方等般泥洹經 T0398; 大哀經 T0399; 寶女所問經; 寶女三昧經 T0425; 賢劫經 T0435; 佛說滅十方冥經 T0460; 佛說文殊師利淨律經 T0461; 佛說文殊師利現寶藏經; 文殊師利寶藏經 T0585; 持心經; 持心梵天所問經 T0588; 佛說須真天子經; Suvikrantacinta devaputra pariprccha T0589; 佛說魔逆經 T0598; 佛說海龍王經 T0606; 偷迦遮復彌經 *Yogacarabhumi-sutra; 修行經; 修行道地經 T0627; 普超三昧經; 文殊支利普超三昧經; 文殊師利普超三昧經 T0638; 佛說超日明三昧經 T0810; 諸佛要集經 T0815; 佛昇忉利天為母說法經 T0817; 佛說大淨法門經 T310(3); Mijijingang lishi hui 密迹金剛力士會; Tathagatacintyaguhyanirdesa T310(47); Baoji pusa hui 寶髻菩薩會; Ratnacudapariprccha; 寶結菩薩經 Wugaiyi jie shi xing jing 五蓋疑結失行經 Xiao pin jing 小品經 Yong fu ding jing 勇伏定經 [Suramgamasamadhi-sutra] 阿耨達龍王經; Anouda jing 阿耨達經 |
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Kawano cites Suguro (1993) Chapter 2 Section 2. Suguro reportedly opines that unparalleled sections of two chapters in T263 (授五百弟子決品, Ch. 8, T263 (IX) 94b26 ff.; 藥王菩薩品, Ch. 21, T263 (IX) 125a8 ff) are clearly later interpolations into the text. Suguro therefore does not recognise these portions of the text as the work of Dharmarakṣa.
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209 n. 5 |
Kawano cites Suguro (1993) Chapter 2 Section 2. Suguro reportedly opines that unparalleled sections of two chapters in T263 (授五百弟子決品, Ch. 8, T263 (IX) 94b26 ff.; 藥王菩薩品, Ch. 21, T263 (IX) 125a8 ff) are clearly later interpolations into the text. Suguro therefore does not recognise these portions of the text as the work of Dharmaraksa. Anonymous (China), 失譯, 闕譯, 未詳撰者, 未詳作者, 不載譯人 T0263; 正法華方等; 正法華方等經典; 法華方等正經; 正法華經方等典詔; 正法華經 |
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Kawano refers to Tsukamoto (Keishō) (1965), who has argued that the unparalleled portion on "dharma offerings" found in the 藥王如來品 Ch. 10 of Dharmarakṣa's Saddharmapuṇḍarīka T263 was added on the basis of the 法供養品 Ch. 13 of the Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa.
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120, 209 n. 7 |
Kawano refers to Tsukamoto (Keisho) (1965), who has argued that the unparalleled portion on "dharma offerings" found in the 藥王如來品 Ch. 10 of Dharmaraksa's Saddharmapundarika T263 was added on the basis of the 法供養品 Ch. 13 of the Vimalakirti-nirdesa. T0263; 正法華方等; 正法華方等經典; 法華方等正經; 正法華經方等典詔; 正法華經 |
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Kawano cites Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋, Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史 (1935), reporting that Sakaino was of the opinion that T474 was a revision by Dharmarakṣa of Zhi Qian's original translation. [Kawano does not give page numbers in Sakaino.]
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209 n. 8 |
Kawano cites Sakaino Koyo 境野黄洋, Shina Bukkyo seishi 支那佛教精史 (1935), reporting that Sakaino was of the opinion that T474 was a revision by Dharmaraksa of Zhi Qian's original translation. [Kawano does not give page numbers in Sakaino.] T0474; 佛說維摩詰經 |
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Kawano cites Usuda Junzō 臼田淳三, “Perio 3006 ban Kan’yaku butten chūshaku sho danpen o megutte: Kumarajū yaku izen no Yuima kyō chūshaku sho ぺリオ三〇〇六番漢訳仏典注釈断片をめぐって 鳩摩羅什以前の維摩経注釈書,” Bukkyō shigaku kenkyū 仏教史学研究 23, no. 2 (1981), opining on the basis of the Dunhuang manuscript Pelliot 3006 that the extant T474 is not the work of Zhi Qian.
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209 n. 8 |
Kawano cites Usuda Junzo 臼田淳三, “Perio 3006 ban Kan’yaku butten chushaku sho danpen o megutte: Kumaraju yaku izen no Yuima kyo chushaku sho へリオ三〇〇六番漢訳仏典注釈断片をめくって 鳩摩羅什以前の維摩経注釈書,” Bukkyo shigaku kenkyu 仏教史学研究 23, no. 2 (1981), opining on the basis of the Dunhuang manuscript Pelliot 3006 that the extant T474 is not the work of Zhi Qian. T0474; 佛說維摩詰經 |