| Identifier | T0611 [T] |
| Title | 法觀經 [T] |
| Date | [None] |
| Unspecified | Anonymous (China), 失譯, 闕譯, 未詳撰者, 未詳作者, 不載譯人 [Okabe 1963] |
| Translator 譯 | Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 [T] |
There may be translations for this text listed in the Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages. If translations are listed, this link will take you directly to them. However, if no translations are listed, the link will lead only to the head of the page.
There are resources for the study of this text in the SAT Daizōkyō Text Dabatase (Saṃgaṇikīkṛtaṃ Taiśotripiṭakaṃ).
| Preferred? | Source | Pertains to | Argument | Details |
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[T] T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014. |
Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Mei 1996] Mei Naiwen 梅廼文. “Zhu Fahu de fanyi chutan 竺法護的翻譯初探.” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 中華佛學學報 9 (1996): 49-64. — 54-55 n. 27 |
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The eighteen texts listed in this entry, Mei observes, are ascribed to Dharmarakṣa in the present Taishō, but not by CSZJJ. The majority of these texts, Mei suggests, did already exist at Sengyou's time, but Sengyou listed them as anonymous. Thus, Mei argues that further research is required to determine whether or not these texts really are by Dharmarakṣa. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Hung 2007] Hung, Hunglung 果暉法師. “Continued Study of An Shigao’s Works ─The terminology of the Mayi jing T732 and the Faguan jing T611─.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 112 (2007): 122-127 (L). |
Hung shows (see table) that T611 and T732 largely overlap, and in portions are "the same" text. However, Hung argues implausibly on this basis that T732 and T611 are by An Shigao, on the basis of "stylistic" considerations. However, the phrases he identifies are often too long to count as stylistic markers, and he pays no attention to context. Preliminary work has already shown that in fact, some passages also have extended parallels in An Shigao's T602 and Kang Senghui's T152(76). Cf also Hung Hunglung. 安世高訳『佛説大安般守意經』の訳注研究(1) [in Japanese]. An Annotated Translation of An Shigao's Foshuo Da Anban Shouyi Jing T602(1). 中央学術研究所紀要 = Memoirs of the Chūō Academic Research Institute (42), 41-57, 2013. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Okabe 1963] Okabe Kazuo 岡部和雄 . “Jiku Hōgo no yakkyō ni tsuite 竺法護の訳経について.” IBK 11, no. 1 (1963): 148-149. |
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Okabe’s main aim is to assess the reliability of Fei Changfang’s LDSBJ, using ascriptions to Dharmarakṣa as a test case. Okabe studies 40 ascriptions to Dharmarakṣa that appear for the first time in LDSBJ [T2034 (XLIX) 61c11-64c13], and concludes that they are highly unreliable. The same texts are generally already listed in Sengyou’s CSZJJ, but there, they appear as anonymous. In addition, the majority of these texts are identified by Sengyou as sūtras excerpted from larger collections, such as the Āgamas, the 六度集經 T152, the Mahāsaṃnipāta T397, the “Sūtra of the Wise and the Foolish” 賢愚經 T202, or Dharmarakṣa’s Jātaka 生經 T154. Okabe gives the example of the Guangshiyin jing 光世音經, which is no longer extant, but which the records of other catalogues indicate was probably the Avalokiteśvara Chapter of Dharmarakṣa’s Saddharmapuṇḍarīka T263, circulated as an independent text. [This likelihood would be corroborated by the fact that 光世音 for Avalokiteśvara is probably confined to Dharmarakṣa’s works; I am grateful to Jan Nattier for pointing out this fact --- MR.] He also shows that another text in the list, the 蜜具經, which is lost but quoted in the Jing lü yi xiang 經律異相 T2121, is an excerpt from T154, with verbatim correspondences too close for it to be considered a separate translation of the same text. A third text, the 悉鞞梨天子詣佛說偈經, is also no longer extant, but Okabe shows by comparison, again with citation in the Jing lü yi xiang, that it was an excerpt from the Saṃyuktāgama. Another six texts (離睡經 T47, 受歲經 T50, 樂想經 T56, 尊上經 T77, 意經 T82 and 應法經 T83), Okabe argues, were excerpted from the Madhayamāgama, in part following Mizuno Kōgen’s arguments about vestiges of an alternate translation of the whole MĀ collection now split up and variously attributed among our extant texts. A final example, the 身觀經 T612, Okabe says is also “absolutely identical” with a Saṃyuktāgama text [see T101(9) = T101 (II) 495b7-c23], apart from scribal errors, etc., and Okabe says that LDSBJ’s ascription to Dharmarakṣa is therefore “utter nonsense”. On the strength of these examples, Okabe argues that all forty of the texts added to Dharmarakṣa’s name by LDSBJ should be disregarded. This record lists those forty texts (names are given as in LDSBJ, and may differ slightly from Taishō titles). 光世音經 Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Fajing 594] Fajing 法經. Zhongjing mulu 眾經目錄 T2146. — T2146 (LV) 138a3-5 |
This title features in a list of 61 offshoot/byproduct 別生 texts for which Fajing stipulates that he does not know the text of origin 右六十一經。是諸經所出。既未見經本, and part of a larger list which he says were all excerpted from larger texts at the whim of persons of later generations, etc. 並是後人隨自意好。於大本內。抄出別行。或持偈句。便為卷部. Fajing does not give an attribution. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Fei 597] Fei Changfang 費長房. Lidai sanbao ji (LDSBJ) 歷代三寶紀 T2034. — T2034 (XLIX) 64a21, 119a6 |
The ascription of T611 to Dharmarakṣa found in the present canon (the Taishō) probably dates back to LDSBJ, which cites no particular source. The same title is incongruously treated as anonymous in Fascicle 14. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[CSZJJ] Sengyou 僧祐. Chu sanzang ji ji (CSZJJ) 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 28a21 |
In Sengyou's Chu sanzang ji ji, T611 is regarded as an anonymous translation, that is to say, it is listed in the "Newly Compiled Continuation of the Assorted List of Anonymous Translations" 新集續撰失譯雜經錄 (juan 4): 法觀經一卷. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Nattier 2008] Nattier, Jan. A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han 東漢 and Three Kingdoms 三國 Periods. Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica X. Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, 2008. |
Nattier does not regard the ascription to An Shigao as reliable. . Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 177-181 |
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Sakaino argues that a number of new ascriptions to Dharmarakṣa added in LDSBJ are incorrect. He shows that the ascriptions for these extant texts are part of a broader pattern whereby Fei Changfang, in LDSBJ, takes titles in groups from lists of anonymous scriptures in Sengyou's CSZJJ, and assigns an entire group holus-bolus to a single translator. This procedure leads to a sudden ballooning of a given translator's corpus (if not its creation ex nihilo), and other absurd consequences, like the appearance that a certain translator specialised in texts on a particular topic (because Sengyou grouped titles in his lists by topic). Sakaino also studies this pattern in application to other translators (or supposed translators) elsewhere in his work; see esp. 80-86 for a general analysis of the overall pattern. Dharmarakṣa is one of the purported "translators" to whom Fei applies this procedure. This entry lists extant texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa to which Sakaino's criticism here applies. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 177-179 |
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Sakaino presents a list of titles that KYL admitted to the canon as the work of Dharmarakṣa, following LDSBJ. Sakaino gives separate lists of fourteen extant titles and thirteen lost titles (177-178) (this entry is associated with extant texts affected by this problem). Sakaino states that as many as twenty of these titles are clearly taken from Sengyou’s “new” catalogue of anonymous scriptures 新集失譯經錄 in CSZJJ. He also suggests that the legitimacy of the ascription of the other texts should also be doubted: the lost Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 薩芸芬陀利經 already appeared in Dao’an’s catalogue of anonymous scriptures 安公失譯錄 in CSZJJ; the lost Xie fa jing 邪法經 and Ku ying jing 苦應經 are likely to be mistakes for the Xie jian jing 邪見經 and the Ku yin jing 苦陰經 respectively, both of which titles appear in Sengyou’s “new” catalogue of anonymous scriptures; the *Ullambana [Thus, Sakaino leaves just a few titles in the twenty-seven titles which he does not explicitly reject as Dharmarakṣa’s work. However, his tone is fairly negative all the way through the discussion, and it would be much reasonable to assume that he would reject the ascription of those few to Dharmarakṣa as well --- AI.] Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Radich 2019] Radich, Michael. “Fei Changfang’s Treatment of Sengyou’s Anonymous Texts.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 139.4 (2019): 819-841. |
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According to the abstract, Radich argues: "Fei Changfang/Zhangfang’s 費長房 Lidai sanbao ji 歷代三寶紀 T2034 (completed in 598) is a source of numerous problematic ascriptions and dates for texts in the received Chinese Buddhist canon. This paper presents new evidence of troubling patterns in the assignment of new ascriptions in Lidai sanbao ji, and aims thereby to shed new light on Fei’s working method. I show that Lidai sanbao ji consistently gives new attributions to the same translators for whole groups of texts clustering closely together in a long list of texts treated as anonymous in the earlier Chu sanzang ji ji 出三藏記集 T2145 of Sengyou 僧祐 (completed ca. 515). It is impossible that Sengyou grouped these texts together on the basis of attribution, since he did not know them. The most economical explanation for the assignment of each individual group to the same translator in Lidai sanbao ji, therefore, is that someone added the same attributions in batches to restricted chunks of Sengyou’s list. This and other evidence shows that Lidai sanbao ji is even more unreliable than previously thought, and urges even greater critical awareness in the use of received ascriptions for many of our texts." Radich argues that the patterns of unreliable information he has here uncovered cast doubt upon the ascriptions of all the texts affected. Extant texts affected are the following (from Radich's Appendix 1; listed in order of Taishō numbering; listing gives title, Taishō number, Taishō ascription, and locus in LDSBJ): 七佛父母姓字經 T4, Anon., former Wei 前魏, 60b19. This CBC@ entry is associated with all of affected extant texts. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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