Text: T0317; 佛說胞胎經; 胞胎受身經

Summary

Identifier T0317 [T]
Title 佛說胞胎經 [T]
Date August 29, 303 [Boucher 1996]
Translator 譯 Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 [T]

There may be translations for this text listed in the Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages. If translations are listed, this link will take you directly to them. However, if no translations are listed, the link will lead only to the head of the page.

There are resources for the study of this text in the SAT Daizōkyō Text Dabatase (Saṃgaṇikīkṛtaṃ Taiśotripiṭakaṃ).

Assertions

Preferred? Source Pertains to Argument Details

No

[T]  T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014.

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Mei 1996]  Mei Naiwen 梅廼文. “Zhu Fahu de fanyi chutan 竺法護的翻譯初探.” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 中華佛學學報 9 (1996): 49-64. — 54 n. 26

Mei begins with the 76 texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa in the present Taishō which also appear in Sengyou. She then eliminates eight for the following reasons: five are listed as lost by Sengyou's time (T182, T288, T496, T558, T1301); T1301, moreover, contains details that makes it appear as if it may have been composed in China; T103 and T453 have been regarded as dubious by modern scholars (Gao Mingdao and Yinshun); and Sengyou's description of the 佛為菩薩五夢經 that he ascribes to Dharmarakṣa does not match T310(4). This leaves 68 texts Mei thinks can reliably be matched against Sengyou. This entry lists those 68 texts. [Note: Mei erroneously gives the number T627 for what is properly T636---MR.]

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Boucher 1996]  Boucher, Daniel. "Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmarakṣa and his Translation Idiom." PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1996. — 282

In the appendix to his dissertation Boucher provides a list of ninety-five texts attributed to Dharmarakṣa by Sengyou in his Chu sanzang ji ji 出三藏記集 T2145, along with a note on relevant scholarship. Among these texts is the Baotai jing 胞胎經 *Garbhavikrāntinirdeśa-sūtra T317, which Sengyou dated August 29, 303 (date included only in the Song, Ming, and Yuan editions).

Entry author: Sophie Florence

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No

[Kawano 2006]  Kawano Satoshi 河野訓. Shoki kan'yaku butten no kenkyū: Jiku Hōgo o chūshin to shite 初期漢訳仏典の研究 : 竺法護を中心として. Ise: Kōgakkan Daigaku Shuppanbu, 2006. — 73-92, esp. Table 2, 75-77

Kawano notes that in the list of works ascribed to Dharmarakṣa at CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c11, a considerable number of works (Kawano counts 31 [I count 38 --- MR] are given precise dates only in the versions of the text in the Song-Yuan-Ming line, that is to say, the same dates are missing in the Korean version of CSZJJ. This note lists all those texts. The Song version of the CSZJJ notes on these texts, as reconstructed according to the Taishō apparatus, reads as follows (the date in parentheses preceding each text is Kawano's calculation of the Gregorian equivalent for the reign date given in the note):

(267) 比丘尼誡經一卷(太始三年九月十日出)
(267) 三品悔過經一卷(太始三年九月二十一日出)
(271) 文殊師利五體悔過經一卷(舊錄云文殊師利悔過經泰始七年正月二十七日出) T459
(271) 持人菩薩經三卷(泰始七年九月十五日出) T481
(273) 鴈王經一卷(太始九年二月一日出)
(290) 法沒盡經一卷(或云空寂菩薩所問經太熈元年二月七日出) cf. T2029?
(290) 給孤獨明德經一卷(舊錄云給孤獨氏經太熈元年末出)
(291) 馬王經一卷(永平元年中出)
(291) 普義經一卷(永平中出)
(291) 鹿母經一卷(元康初出) T182a/b
(297) 觀行不移四事經一卷(元康中出)
(297) 四婦喻經一卷(元康中出)
(302) 樓炭經五卷(安公云出方等太安元年正月二十三日出部)
(302) 菩薩十住經一卷(太安元年十月三日出) T283
(303) 五百弟子本起經一卷(舊錄云五百弟子自說本末經太安二年五月一日出或云佛五百弟子自說本起經) T199
(303) 胞胎經一卷(舊錄云胞胎受身經太安二年八月一日出)T317
(303) 佛為菩薩五夢經一卷(舊錄云佛五夢太安二年五月六日出或云太子五夢) T310(4)?
(303) 彌勒本願經一卷(或云彌勒菩薩所問本願]經太安二年五月十七日出) T349
(303) 順權方便經二卷(一本云惟權方便經舊錄云順權女經一名轉女身菩薩經太安二年四月九日出) T565
(303) 如幻三昧經二卷(舊錄云三卷太安二年五月十一日出) T342
(303) 舍利弗悔過經一卷(太安二年五月二十日出)not in T
(303) 十地經一卷(或云菩薩十地經太安二年十二月四日出)
(304) 所欲致患經一卷(太安三年二月七日出)T737
(304) 摩調王經一卷(出六度集太安三年正月十八日出)
(304) 照明三昧經一卷(太安三年二月一日出)
(304) 賈客經二卷(建武元年三月二日出)
(304) 嚴淨定經一卷(一名序世經元熈元年二月十八日出)
(304) 更出阿闍世王經二卷(建武元年四月十六日出)
(305) 人所從來經一卷(永興二年正月二十五日出)
(305) 十等藏經一卷(永興二年正月二十八日出)
(305) 鴈王五百鴈俱經一卷(永興二年二月二日出)
(305) 誡具經一卷(永興二年二月七日出)
(305) 決道俗經一卷(永興二年二月十一日出)
(305) 猛施經一卷(舊錄云猛施道地經永興二年二月二十日出)
(305) 城喻經一卷(永興二年三月一日出)
(306) 譬喻三百首經二十五卷(永興三年二月七日出)
(307) 無極寶經一卷(別錄所載先闕安錄或云無極寶三昧經永嘉元年三月五日) T636
(307) 阿差末經四卷(或云阿差末菩薩經別錄所載安錄先闕永嘉元年十二月一日出) T403

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Boucher 2006]  Boucher, Daniel. “Dharmarakṣa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China.” In China at the Crossroads: A Festschrift in Honor of Victor H. Mair. Special issue of Asia Major, 3rd Ser., 19, no. 1-2 (2006): 13-37. — 25-26, 28-29

The 23 texts appearing on this list are all given dates in CZSJJ between the years 303 and 305. Boucher does not give his sources for individual dates in this list, saying only "I will coordinate the list of his translation corpus provided by Sengyou...with the preserved colophons that provide information on the dates and locations at which some texts were translated." [However, all dates appear in a list of Dharmarakṣa’s works at CSZJJ T2145:55.7b12-9c24. There, with the sole exception of that for T435, the Taishō apparatus indicates that these dates are found only in alternate witnesses, usually the Song, Yuan and Ming together, but not in the Korean---MR.] Boucher says of texts on this list (28-29): "From 303 to 305 there appears to be a rash of rapidly completed short texts. However, there are several reasons why we might be suspicious of these records. First, it was precisely during this period that northern China was in a desperate state of political and social turmoil. The Xiongnu and Xianbei had forced the emperor to flee the capital in 304, ravaging Luoyang before turning westward to attach Chang'an in 306. Although this by no means proves that Dharmarakṣa could not have found safe haven in which to continue his translation work, conditions would certainly have been far from ideal. Second, some of our records of these translations are in doubt. For example, the Shelifu huiguo jing that is currently extant is attributed to An Shigao but almost certainly postdates both him and Dharmarakṣa [no reference given]. If this is the same text referred to by Sengyou, it is a mistaken attribution. Also, the dates of all the texts translated in 304 except Yanjingding jing are uncertain; they refer either to dates that are not known to exist from our calendrical sources (e.g. the third year of the Tai'an 太安 period) or to dates that are ambiguous."

Boucher's list, with his Sanskrit equivalents for the titles where he proposes on, and Chu sanzang ji ji (T2145) loci [not provided by Boucher], is as follows:

樓炭經 Lokasthāna-sūtra [listed as lost in CSZJJ 8c20]
順權方便經 Strīvivartavyākaraṇa-sutra T565 [CSZJJ 8b4 and n. 6]
五百弟子本起經 Anavatapta-gāthā T199 [CSZJJ 8b5-6 and n. 8]
佛為菩薩五夢經 [T310(4)?, CSZJJ 8b7 and n. 9]
如幻三昧經 Susthitamatiparipṛcchā-sūtra T342 [CSZJJ 8b9 and n. 10]
彌勒本願經 *Maitreyaparipṛcchā-sūtra T349 [CSZJJ 8b10 and n. 11]
舍利弗悔過經 [CSZJJ 8b11 and n. 12; cf. T1492, ascribed to An Shigao]
胞胎經 Garbhavikrāntinirdeśa-sūtra? T317 [CSZJJ 8b12 and n. 13]
十地經 Dásabhūmika-sūtra? [or 菩薩十地經, CSZJJ 8b13; =漸備一切智德經 T285?]
嚴淨定經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9a2]
賈客經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b11]
更出阿闍世王經 [= 普超經 T627? CSZJJ 7b25-c1]
滅十方冥經 Daśadigandhakāravidvamsana-sūtra T435 [CSZJJ 8a20] --- dated in the K line of CSZJJ
摩調王經 Mahādevarāja-sūtra [Boucher has in error Motianwang jing 摩天王經; listed as extant at CSZJJ 8b24; a note says that this text is taken from the Liu du ji jing 六度集 T152; no such independent sūtra is extant under Dharmarakṣa’s name, but T152 does contain a text of this title, T152(87), T152:3.48b25 ff.]
照明三昧經 [CSZJJ 8b26]
所欲致患經 T737 [CSZJJ 8c1]
人所從來經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b12]
十等藏經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b15]
鴈王五百鴈俱經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b16]
誡具經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b17]
決道俗經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b18]
猛施經 [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b19]
城喻經 Nagaropama-sūtra [listed as lost in CSZJJ 9b20]

[The CSZJJ note applying to all these texts reads:
合二件。凡一百五十四部。合三百九卷。晉武帝時。沙門竺法護。到西域得胡本還。自太始中至懷帝永嘉二年。以前所譯出。祐捃摭群錄。遇護公所出更得四部。安錄先闕。今條入錄中。安公云。遭亂錄散小小錯涉。故知今之所獲審是護出也. T2145:55.9b28-c4.]

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Suzuki 1995]  Suzuki Hiromi 鈴木裕美. “Koyaku kyōten ni okeru yakugo ni tsuite: Jiku Hōgo yakushutsu kyōten wo chūshin toshite 古訳経典における訳語について―竺法護訳出経典を中心として.” IBK 43, no. 2 (1995): 198-200.

Suzuki regards the texts listed in this entry as genuine Dharmarakṣa translations. She groups them into five types, on the basis of stylistic features:

A: T222, T588 , T636
A': T186, T263, T266, T285, T291, T292, T310, T310(3), T310(47), T345, T398, T403, T460, T461, T565, T606, T627, T817
B: T585
B': T338
C: T103, T170, T182AB, T199, T283, T315AB, T317, T342, T349, T378, T399, T425, T435, T459, T481, T589, T598, T737

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Kawano 2006]  Kawano Satoshi 河野訓. Shoki kan'yaku butten no kenkyū: Jiku Hōgo o chūshin to shite 初期漢訳仏典の研究 : 竺法護を中心として. Ise: Kōgakkan Daigaku Shuppanbu, 2006. — Table 6, p. 87

On the basis of a complex examination of the evidence in the catalogues from CSZJJ to KYL (73-92), Kawano arrives at this corpus of 41 texts, which he thinks can most safely be ascribed to Dharmarakṣa and dated, in order to construct a basis for examining Dharmarakṣa's corpus for the development of translation idiom over the course of his career. This note lists that corpus. Kawano arrives at this corpus on the basis of the following criteria: (1) He accepts texts which were probably dated in the original CSZJJ, as represented by the Koryŏ (Kawano shows that the version of CSZJJ received via the Song[-Yuan-Ming] line of transmission includes a large set of problematic additional dates); (2) He accepts texts first dated in Fajing, as long as the date was accepted by Zhisheng in KYL; (3) He rejects texts for which a translation date first appears in LDSBJ; (4) He adds one further text (T810) that can be dated on the basis of a (very early manuscript) colophon.

[Note: This list includes four (or five?) lost texts, and a couple of texts ascribed to other translators in the received canon. The number of lost texts is uncertain, because the list includes a 無量壽經, which some modern scholars would be inclined to identify with T360 ascribed to Kang Sengkai 康僧鎧---MR.]

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Jiu lu CSZJJ]  Jiu lu 舊錄 as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 8b12-13

Sengyou cites a/the Jiu lu 舊錄 as a source for information about the 胞胎經:

胞胎經一卷(舊錄云胞胎受身經[+太安二年八月一日出SYM])

Entry author: Michael Radich

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  • Title: 胞胎受身經

No

[Jiu lu CSZJJ]  Jiu lu 舊錄 as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c4

In the section of the 新集經論錄, CSZJJ Fascicle 2, on Dharmarakṣa, Sengyou lists the following 32 texts for which a/the Jiu lu 舊錄 is cited in evidence in interlinear notes. He cites the Jiu lu for information about alternate titles.

賢劫經七卷, cf. T425
正法華經十卷, cf. T263
大哀經七卷, cf. T398
持心經六卷, cf. T585
修行經七卷, cf. T606
普超經四卷, cf. T627
嚴淨佛土經二卷, cf. T318
阿耨達經二卷, cf. T635
寶藏經二卷, cf. T461
寶結[v.l.髻YM]經二卷, cf. T310(47)
等集眾德三昧經三卷, cf. T381
寶女經四卷, cf. T399
五十緣身行經一卷, cf. T812
須摩經一卷, cf. T334
溫室經一卷, cf. T701
移山經一卷, cf. T135
文殊師利五體悔過經一卷, cf. T459
無思議孩童經一卷 (presumed lost)
迦葉集結經一卷 (perhaps lost, but cf. T2027)
寶罔[v.l.網SYM]童子經一卷, cf. T433
順權方便經二卷, cf. T565
五百弟子本起經一卷, cf. T199
佛為菩薩五夢經一卷 (presumed lost)
如幻三昧經二卷, cf. T342
胞胎經一卷, cf. T317
大六向拜經一卷 (presumed lost)
過去佛分衛經一卷, cf. T180
阿述達經一卷 (presumed lost)
給孤獨明德經一卷 (presumed lost)
龍施本起經一卷, cf. T588
猛施經一卷 (presumed lost)
菩薩齋法[+經M]一卷 (presumed lost)

Sengyou also cites the Jiu lu for the 超日明經 T638, which, according to his information, was translated initially by Dharmarakṣa and then revised and abridged by Nie Chengyuan 聶承遠.

Entry author: Michael Radich

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No

[Bie lu (DH mss)]  "Liu Song" Zhongjing bie lu 劉宋眾經別錄, S.2872, P.3747. Dating complex and unclear.

In the "Liu Song" Zhongjing bie lu 劉宋眾經別錄, as represented by a Dunhuang manuscript fragment, P.3747, are listed the following titles corresponding to extant texts by Dharmarakṣa (titles in the DH mss. Bie lu are identified by the numbering given to the manuscripts in Tan 1991): T170 = Tan#3, T199 = Tan#53; possibly T222 = Tan#20 (the title given is 小品經), T310(3) = Tan#78, T317 = Tan#52, T323 = Tan#6, T324 = Tan#4, probably part of T325 = Tan#31, T338 = Tan#8, T433 = Tan#51, T460 = Tan#1 (title missing, but ms. here can be reconstructed on the basis of comparison with CSZJJ); T534 = Tan#9, T567 = Tan#11, T569 = Tan#50, T589 = Tan#10, T811 = Tan#7, T812 = Tan#2, T817 = Tan#5.

In addition, the Bie lu features interlinear notes following the following titles, directly identifying Dharmarakṣa as the translator of the text(s) in question, and/or giving dates and other circumstances of translation. These notes largely correspond verbatim to similar notes given for various parts of the Dhr corpus in CSZJJ, either in Sengyou's own interlinear notes, or, in a couple of cases, in independent documents relating to the texts in question: T460 = Tan#1 (see T2145 [LV] 51b8-13); T567 = Tan#10 (CSZJJ 50b6-10); T222? = Tan#20 (CSZJJ 9b28-c4). An open question is whether such notes in the Bie lu are meant to apply only to the single title that they follow, or to groups of titles (and if they apply to groups of titles, how many titles are covered by each single note).

A slightly more complex case is T638 = Tan#62, where an interlinear note already gives the information (carried elsewhere too) that the text was produced by Dharmarakṣa and then revised by Nie Chengyuan, This information corresponds closely in wording to CSZJJ 9c6-8.

Dating of this Bie lu is a complex matter; see other CBC@ entries directly on these DH manuscript witnesses, citations in later catalogues etc.

Entry author: Michael Radich

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