| Identifier | T0606 [T] |
| Title | 修行道地經 [T] |
| Date | 284 [T606 Colophon] |
| Translator 譯 | Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 [CSZJJ] |
There may be translations for this text listed in the Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages. If translations are listed, this link will take you directly to them. However, if no translations are listed, the link will lead only to the head of the page.
There are resources for the study of this text in the SAT Daizōkyō Text Dabatase (Saṃgaṇikīkṛtaṃ Taiśotripiṭakaṃ).
| Preferred? | Source | Pertains to | Argument | Details |
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[T606 Preface] Anon. Preface to Xiuxing daodi jing T606 修行道地經. — T606:15.181c12-26 |
Gives the transcribed Skt. title as 偷迦遮復彌經 = *Yogācārabhūmi-sūtra. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[T606 Colophon] Colophon to T606. — As shown in Taisho footnote: T606:15.230 n. 19 |
Ascribes translation of the text to Dharmarakṣa, and lists as amanuenses 筆受者 Fasheng 法乘 and Fabao 法寶. Translated in Boucher (2008/2011): 94-95; Demiéville (1954): 348-349. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[CSZJJ] Sengyou 僧祐. Chu sanzang ji ji (CSZJJ) 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145:55.7b12-8c9 |
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In the list of texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa by Dao'an, 28 bear dates. One of these (the 五蓋疑結失行經) has a note saying that Dao'an did not think it looked like a Dharmarakṣa text. This note lists the remaining 27. [Zürcher (2007): 66 suggests that this may be evidence that "in these cases [Dao'an's] attribution was based upon early dated colophons", which may mean that these attributions can be regarded as some of the strongest in the Dharmarakṣa corpus, on external grounds.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Jiu lu CSZJJ] Jiu lu 舊錄 as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 7b21-22 |
Sengyou cites a/the Jiu lu 舊錄 as a source for information about the 修行經 [this text is listed among the translations of Dharmarakṣa; cf. the *Yogācārabhūmi T606--- MR]: 修行經七卷(二十七品舊錄云修行道地經太康五年二月二十三日出) Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Jiu lu CSZJJ] Jiu lu 舊錄 as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c4 |
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In the section of the 新集經論錄, CSZJJ Fascicle 2, on Dharmarakṣa, Sengyou lists the following 32 texts for which a/the Jiu lu 舊錄 is cited in evidence in interlinear notes. He cites the Jiu lu for information about alternate titles. 賢劫經七卷, cf. T425 Sengyou also cites the Jiu lu for the 超日明經 T638, which, according to his information, was translated initially by Dharmarakṣa and then revised and abridged by Nie Chengyuan 聶承遠. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Yuan 2019] Yuan, Wenguang 元文广. “San hui jing de chaozhuan yu chengshu niandai”《三慧經》的抄撰与成书年代考 [A Study of the Copying and Writing of the San hui jing and the Age of Its Composition]. Zongjiaoxue yanjiu 宗教学研究 4 (2019): 144-149. |
The San hui jing 三慧經 T768 was recorded in Dao’an’s catalogue of “alternative translations of sūtras in the Liang region” 新集安公涼土異經錄. Sengyou included it in his catalogue of “anonymous miscellaneous sūtras” 新集續撰失譯雜經錄, and stated that it is a compilation 抄. This sūtra was popular during the Liang period. Yuan identifies the following Chinese sources for T768: 1. The Za piyu jing 雜譬喻經 T204 ascribed to Lokakṣema, stories nos. 2 and 12. The T768 version is textually better in quality, and more reasonable in wording. Yuan concludes that T768 copied from T204 and made some modifications. 2. Dharmarakṣa’s Sheng jing 生經 T154: an almost verbatim copy of a story about a man and a wish-fulfilling bottle from heaven; T154(55) (III) 108b13-c1. 3. The story of the blind men and the elephant from the Liu du ji jing 六度集經 T152(89). The two versions have very different wording, but some identical key terms. Thus, Yuan states that the T768 version it is paraphrase of the story from T152. Similarly, the 長壽王 story is also from T152(10). 4. A passage from the Fo yi jing 佛醫經 T793. The beginning of the passage is copied word by word from T793 but the remaining part is paraphrased. 5. A story about a man who loses a pearl in the sea, from Dharmarakṣa’s Xiuxing dao di jing 修行道地經 T606 (Yogācārabhūmi of Saṅgharakṣa), which is similar in content but different in wording. The latest among these sources is Dharmarakṣa’s Sheng jing 生經 T154, translated in 285. According to Yuan, Dao’an composed his catalogue of Liang translations between 380-385 in Chang’an, and thus, T768 must have been compiled before 385. So T768 should fall in the period 285-385. Yuan further investigates the terms (or collocations) 貪護, 極美, 疑悔, 浴佛, and 自藏, and traces them in Dharmarakṣa’s translations. [Note: All of these items are rare in the Dharmarakṣa corpus, and each appears a maximum of two or three times --- MR.] The latest that one of these items appears for the first time in a dated Dharmarakṣa text is 浴佛, in the Pu yao jing 普曜經 (Lalitavistara) T186, translated in 308. Thus Yuan concludes that T768 is a Chinese composition, and was produced between 308-385. Entry author: Lin Qian |
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[T] T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014. |
Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Kawano 2006] Kawano Satoshi 河野訓. Shoki kan'yaku butten no kenkyū: Jiku Hōgo o chūshin to shite 初期漢訳仏典の研究 : 竺法護を中心として. Ise: Kōgakkan Daigaku Shuppanbu, 2006. — Table 6, p. 87 |
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On the basis of a complex examination of the evidence in the catalogues from CSZJJ to KYL (73-92), Kawano arrives at this corpus of 41 texts, which he thinks can most safely be ascribed to Dharmarakṣa and dated, in order to construct a basis for examining Dharmarakṣa's corpus for the development of translation idiom over the course of his career. This note lists that corpus. Kawano arrives at this corpus on the basis of the following criteria: (1) He accepts texts which were probably dated in the original CSZJJ, as represented by the Koryŏ (Kawano shows that the version of CSZJJ received via the Song[-Yuan-Ming] line of transmission includes a large set of problematic additional dates); (2) He accepts texts first dated in Fajing, as long as the date was accepted by Zhisheng in KYL; (3) He rejects texts for which a translation date first appears in LDSBJ; (4) He adds one further text (T810) that can be dated on the basis of a (very early manuscript) colophon. [Note: This list includes four (or five?) lost texts, and a couple of texts ascribed to other translators in the received canon. The number of lost texts is uncertain, because the list includes a 無量壽經, which some modern scholars would be inclined to identify with T360 ascribed to Kang Sengkai 康僧鎧---MR.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Mei 1996] Mei Naiwen 梅廼文. “Zhu Fahu de fanyi chutan 竺法護的翻譯初探.” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 中華佛學學報 9 (1996): 49-64. — 54 n. 26 |
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Mei begins with the 76 texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa in the present Taishō which also appear in Sengyou. She then eliminates eight for the following reasons: five are listed as lost by Sengyou's time (T182, T288, T496, T558, T1301); T1301, moreover, contains details that makes it appear as if it may have been composed in China; T103 and T453 have been regarded as dubious by modern scholars (Gao Mingdao and Yinshun); and Sengyou's description of the 佛為菩薩五夢經 that he ascribes to Dharmarakṣa does not match T310(4). This leaves 68 texts Mei thinks can reliably be matched against Sengyou. This entry lists those 68 texts. [Note: Mei erroneously gives the number T627 for what is properly T636---MR.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Mei 1996] Mei Naiwen 梅廼文. “Zhu Fahu de fanyi chutan 竺法護的翻譯初探.” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 中華佛學學報 9 (1996): 49-64. — 58 n. 53 |
Mei says that the translation idiom of T606 and T186 differ greatly, and asserts [without further argument] that this is because the amanuenses 筆錄 were different: Fasheng 法乘 for T606, but Kang Shu 康殊 and Bo Faju 帛法巨 for T186. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Boucher 1996] Boucher, Daniel. "Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmarakṣa and his Translation Idiom." PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1996. — 268 |
In the appendix to his dissertation Boucher provides a list of ninety-five texts attributed to Dharmarakṣa by Sengyou in his Chu sanzang ji ji 出三藏記集 T2145, along with a note on relevant scholarship. Among these texts is the Xiuxing jing 修行經 Yogācārabhūmi-sūtra T606, which Sengyou dated March 26, 284. He adds that the Jiulu refers to the text as Xiuxing daodi jing 修行道地經. Entry author: Sophie Florence |
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[Suzuki 1995] Suzuki Hiromi 鈴木裕美. “Koyaku kyōten ni okeru yakugo ni tsuite: Jiku Hōgo yakushutsu kyōten wo chūshin toshite 古訳経典における訳語について―竺法護訳出経典を中心として.” IBK 43, no. 2 (1995): 198-200. |
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Suzuki regards the texts listed in this entry as genuine Dharmarakṣa translations. She groups them into five types, on the basis of stylistic features: A: T222, T588 , T636 Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Nakamura 1987] Nakamura, Hajime. Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987. — 171 |
Nakamura claims that the 修行道地經; 偷迦遮復彌經 T606 (*Yogācārabhūmi-sūtra), translated by Dharmarakṣa, “came into existence” in seven chapters, but ballooned to twenty-seven and then thirty chapters, which Nakamura claims were produced later than the “original” text. He states that the last three chapters were translated into Chinese separately and added to the present text sometime later than Dharmarakṣa. Entry author: Sophie Florence |
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[Zürcher 1959/2007] Zürcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Third Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1959 (2007 reprint). — 66 |
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Zürcher states that in the list of texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa by Dao'an, 29 bear dates [I actually count 28; further, one, the 五蓋疑結失行經, has a note saying that Dao'an did not think it looked like a Dharmarakṣa text, and so I also exclude it---MR]. This note lists the remaining 27. Zürcher suggests that this may be evidence that "in these cases [Dao'an's] attribution was based upon early dated colophons". [This may mean that these attributions can be regarded as some of the strongest in the Dharmarakṣa corpus, on external grounds.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Zürcher 1959/2007] Zürcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Third Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1959 (2007 reprint). — 343 n. 221 |
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Sengyou's CSZJJ preserves fifteen prefaces, postfaces and colophons to works ascribed to Dharmarakṣa. This entry lists those works; one, the Śūraṃgamasamādhi-sūtra, is no longer extant. [All other things being equal, the external evidence supporting the ascription to Dharmarakṣa for these texts should therefore be stronger than for other texts. I was unable to find the colophon Zürcher points to for T285---MR.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Demiéville 1954] Demiéville, Paul. “La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa.” BÉFEO 44, no. 2 (1954): 339-436. — 347, 349 |
On the strength of the colophon to the text, Demiéville regards the ascription of this text as one of the most secure in the Dharmarakṣa corpus. The last three chapters (28-30), however, he thinks look like an addition, and probably originally were a separate text. The preface and colophon say that the text is in 27 chapters, 6 juan, but the present text is 30 chapters, 7 juan. Dao'an speaks of a separate text "recently joined" to T606 [original note in CSZJJ: 三品修行經一卷(安公云近人合大修行經), T2145:55.9a10]. These three chapters Demiéville characterises as a "Mahāyāna complement" to the other parts of this YBh. It discusses three classes of disciples, i.e. adherents of the three vehicles. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 859 |
LDSBJ ascribes a Xiuxing dao di jing 修行道地經 (Yogācārabhūmi, cf. T606 ascribed to Dharmarakṣa) in seven juan to An Shigao (cf. T607), stating that it is sometimes reported to comprise six juan, and was translated in Yongkang 永康 1 of the Han. Sakaino claims that this entry must transcribe some mistaken record, probably stemming from confusing over T606 (ascribed to Dharmarakṣa, six juan), which was translated in the Taikang 大康 era of the W. Jin. Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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