| Identifier | T0342 [T] |
| Title | 佛說如幻三昧經 [T] |
| Date | June 12, 303 [Boucher 1996] |
| Unspecified | Anonymous (China), 失譯, 闕譯, 未詳撰者, 未詳作者, 不載譯人 [Sakaino 1935] |
| "handle the Indic text", [手]執梵[文], [手]執胡[本] | Zhi Shilun, 支施崙 [Shoulengyan hou ji] |
| Translator 譯 | Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, 曇摩羅察 [T] |
| "chose the wording" 自屬辭 | Zhang Tianxi 張天錫 [Shoulengyan hou ji] |
There may be translations for this text listed in the Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages. If translations are listed, this link will take you directly to them. However, if no translations are listed, the link will lead only to the head of the page.
There are resources for the study of this text in the SAT Daizōkyō Text Dabatase (Saṃgaṇikīkṛtaṃ Taiśotripiṭakaṃ).
| Preferred? | Source | Pertains to | Argument | Details |
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[T] T = CBETA [Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association]. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經. Edited by Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaigyoku 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kankōkai/Daizō shuppan, 1924-1932. CBReader v 5.0, 2014. |
Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Mei 1996] Mei Naiwen 梅廼文. “Zhu Fahu de fanyi chutan 竺法護的翻譯初探.” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 中華佛學學報 9 (1996): 49-64. — 54 n. 26 |
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Mei begins with the 76 texts ascribed to Dharmarakṣa in the present Taishō which also appear in Sengyou. She then eliminates eight for the following reasons: five are listed as lost by Sengyou's time (T182, T288, T496, T558, T1301); T1301, moreover, contains details that makes it appear as if it may have been composed in China; T103 and T453 have been regarded as dubious by modern scholars (Gao Mingdao and Yinshun); and Sengyou's description of the 佛為菩薩五夢經 that he ascribes to Dharmarakṣa does not match T310(4). This leaves 68 texts Mei thinks can reliably be matched against Sengyou. This entry lists those 68 texts. [Note: Mei erroneously gives the number T627 for what is properly T636---MR.] Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Boucher 1996] Boucher, Daniel. "Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmarakṣa and his Translation Idiom." PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1996. — 281 |
In the appendix to his dissertation Boucher provides a list of ninety-five texts attributed to Dharmarakṣa by Sengyou in his Chu sanzang ji ji出三藏記集 T2145, along with a note on relevant scholarship. Among these texts is the Ru huan sanmei jing Susthitamatiparipṛcchā-sūtra 如幻三昧經 T342, which Sengyou dated June 12, 303 (date only included in the Song, Ming and Yuan editions). Entry author: Sophie Florence |
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[Kawano 2006] Kawano Satoshi 河野訓. Shoki kan'yaku butten no kenkyū: Jiku Hōgo o chūshin to shite 初期漢訳仏典の研究 : 竺法護を中心として. Ise: Kōgakkan Daigaku Shuppanbu, 2006. — 73-92, esp. Table 2, 75-77 |
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Kawano notes that in the list of works ascribed to Dharmarakṣa at CSZJJ T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c11, a considerable number of works (Kawano counts 31 [I count 38 --- MR] are given precise dates only in the versions of the text in the Song-Yuan-Ming line, that is to say, the same dates are missing in the Korean version of CSZJJ. This note lists all those texts. The Song version of the CSZJJ notes on these texts, as reconstructed according to the Taishō apparatus, reads as follows (the date in parentheses preceding each text is Kawano's calculation of the Gregorian equivalent for the reign date given in the note): (267) 比丘尼誡經一卷（太始三年九月十日出） Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Boucher 2006] Boucher, Daniel. “Dharmarakṣa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China.” In China at the Crossroads: A Festschrift in Honor of Victor H. Mair. Special issue of Asia Major, 3rd Ser., 19, no. 1-2 (2006): 13-37. — 25-26, 28-29 |
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The 23 texts appearing on this list are all given dates in CZSJJ between the years 303 and 305. Boucher does not give his sources for individual dates in this list, saying only "I will coordinate the list of his translation corpus provided by Sengyou...with the preserved colophons that provide information on the dates and locations at which some texts were translated." [However, all dates appear in a list of Dharmarakṣa’s works at CSZJJ T2145:55.7b12-9c24. There, with the sole exception of that for T435, the Taishō apparatus indicates that these dates are found only in alternate witnesses, usually the Song, Yuan and Ming together, but not in the Korean---MR.] Boucher says of texts on this list (28-29): "From 303 to 305 there appears to be a rash of rapidly completed short texts. However, there are several reasons why we might be suspicious of these records. First, it was precisely during this period that northern China was in a desperate state of political and social turmoil. The Xiongnu and Xianbei had forced the emperor to flee the capital in 304, ravaging Luoyang before turning westward to attach Chang'an in 306. Although this by no means proves that Dharmarakṣa could not have found safe haven in which to continue his translation work, conditions would certainly have been far from ideal. Second, some of our records of these translations are in doubt. For example, the Shelifu huiguo jing that is currently extant is attributed to An Shigao but almost certainly postdates both him and Dharmarakṣa [no reference given]. If this is the same text referred to by Sengyou, it is a mistaken attribution. Also, the dates of all the texts translated in 304 except Yanjingding jing are uncertain; they refer either to dates that are not known to exist from our calendrical sources (e.g. the third year of the Tai'an 太安 period) or to dates that are ambiguous." Boucher's list, with his Sanskrit equivalents for the titles where he proposes on, and Chu sanzang ji ji (T2145) loci [not provided by Boucher], is as follows: 樓炭經 Lokasthāna-sūtra [listed as lost in CSZJJ 8c20] [The CSZJJ note applying to all these texts reads: Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Suzuki 1995] Suzuki Hiromi 鈴木裕美. “Koyaku kyōten ni okeru yakugo ni tsuite: Jiku Hōgo yakushutsu kyōten wo chūshin toshite 古訳経典における訳語について―竺法護訳出経典を中心として.” IBK 43, no. 2 (1995): 198-200. |
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Suzuki regards the texts listed in this entry as genuine Dharmarakṣa translations. She groups them into five types, on the basis of stylistic features: A: T222, T588 , T636 Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Sakaino 1935] Sakaino Kōyō 境野黄洋. Shina Bukkyō seishi 支那佛教精史. Tokyo: Sakaino Kōyō Hakushi Ikō Kankōkai, 1935. — 71-75 |
Sakaino maintains that the following 13 texts ascribed to An Shigao in LDSBJ were taken from a list of Dharmarakṣa’s works in CSZJJ, and calls the resulting information "erroneous and confused" 誤傳混同: - 溫室洗浴眾僧經 [cf. T701 ascribed to An Shigao] Entry author: Atsushi Iseki |
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[Jiu lu CSZJJ] Jiu lu 舊錄 as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 8b9-10 |
Sengyou cites a/the Jiu lu 舊錄 as a source for information about the 如幻三昧經. He notes that the Jiu lu reports a different number of juan; this indicates that the Jiu lu recorded the length of texts: 如幻三昧經二卷(舊錄云三卷[＋太安二年五月十一日出SYM]) Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Jiu lu CSZJJ] Jiu lu 舊錄 as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 T2145. — T2145 (LV) 7b12-9c4 |
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In the section of the 新集經論錄, CSZJJ Fascicle 2, on Dharmarakṣa, Sengyou lists the following 32 texts for which a/the Jiu lu 舊錄 is cited in evidence in interlinear notes. He cites the Jiu lu for information about alternate titles. 賢劫經七卷, cf. T425 Sengyou also cites the Jiu lu for the 超日明經 T638, which, according to his information, was translated initially by Dharmarakṣa and then revised and abridged by Nie Chengyuan 聶承遠. Entry author: Michael Radich |
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[Shoulengyan hou ji] Anonymous. Shoulengyan hou ji 首楞嚴後記, as reported by CSZJJ 出三藏記集 — T2145 (LV) 49b18-49b29 |
According to this anonymous note, in 373 CE the regional ruler of Liangzhou, i.e. the regional inspector Zhang Tianxi 張天錫, sponsored the translation of the Shoulengyan jing 首楞嚴 (lit. ‘brought [it] out’ 出) . While the note begins with a discussion of the Shoulengyan jing translation itself, it quickly goes on to list three other translations produced under Zhang’s supervision, and the impression one gets is that they were all executed in relatively quick succession (in any case, no specific dates are given for any of the three): 須賴、 上金光首 [cf. T817, which features an otherwise unknown protagonist by this name --- MR]、 如幻三昧 [cf. T342, ascribed in T to Dhr ---- MR]. The note then goes on to specify that the ‘hu text’ (of the Shoulengyan jing? of all four texts?) was ‘held in the hand’ 手執胡本 by a certain Zhi Shilun 支施崙, a lay devotee of Yuezhi ethnicity. We further read that on the Shoulengyan jing translation project, and perhaps also in the work on the remaining three translations (although there is some ambiguity here), the actual ‘translator’ 譯 was a certain Bo Yan 帛延, introduced as a bilingual member of the Kuchean royal clan. The record adds that the translation activities were attended by three leading officials from the regional administration and by the monks Huichang 慧常 and Jinxing 進行, as well as that Zhang Tianxi himself ‘chose the wording’ 自屬辭. Entry author: Rafal Felbur |
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